Topics > Cumbria > Swinside > Swinside Stone Circle

Swinside Stone Circle


Swinside Stone Circle (also known as Sunkenkirk Stone Circle) is a stone circle from either the Neolithic or Bronze Age date, located on Swinside Fell, by Black Beck, in Cumbria. The circle has 55 stones, ranging in height from 1.5 metres to 3 metres, forming a near-perfect circle of about 29 meters in diameter. There are 2 'portal stones' slightly set back from the circle, which mark the location of an entrance into the circle.[1]  The entrance lines up with the midwinter sunset. The stone circle is located on private ground, but can easily be viewed from a nearby public footpath.[2] The circle is a Scheduled Monument. The name Sunkenkirk, comes from a local legend that people tried to build a church here, but the Devil kept pulling it down.[3]

Swinside, which is also known as Sunkenkirk and Swineshead, is a stone circle lying beside Swinside Fell, part of Black Combe in southern Cumbria, North West England. One of around 1,300 recorded stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany, it was constructed as a part of a megalithic tradition that lasted from 3,300 to 900 BC, during what archaeologists categorise as the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages.

In this period, the Lake District – a mountainous area in which Swinside is located – saw particularly high levels of stone circle construction, with other notable examples including the Castlerigg stone circle and Long Meg and Her Daughters. The original purposes of these circles is still debated, although most archaeologists concur that they were built for ritual or ceremonial reasons. Constructed from local slate, the ring has a diameter of about 93 ft 8ins (26.8m), and currently contains 55 stones, although when originally constructed there probably would have been around 60. An entrance-exit was included on the monument's south-eastern side, which was defined by the inclusion of two outer portal stones.

In the Early Modern period, local folklore about the stones held that they had once been used in the construction of a church, but that the Devil continually thwarted these plans, creating the stone circle in the process. Archaeological investigation into the monument began in the early 20th century, with an excavation taking place in 1901.

Location

The stone circle at Swinside is located in the south-west corner of the Lake District in the ancient district of Millom, 5 miles north of the town of Millom (map reference SD171881) . There is no visitors centre or car park at the site, which can only be reached by travelling on foot. To reach the site, the visitor must get to Crag Hall, where there are limited places for parking, and then walk along a rough track for 2¼ km (1¼ miles) uphill towards Swinside Farm, where the megalithic ring lies to the right of the path.

Megalithic specialist Aubrey Burl called Swinside "the loveliest of all the circles" in north-western Europe. In his study of the stone circles of Cumbria, archaeologist John Waterhouse commented that Swinside "can be compared only to Castlerigg and Long Meg and her Daughters in its visual impact; but its charm – for great charm it undoubtedly has – is greater even than theirs."

Background

During the Late Neolithic, British society underwent a series of major changes. Between 3500 and 3300 BC, prehistoric Britons ceased their continual expansion and cultivation of wilderness and instead focused on settling and farming the most agriculturally productive areas of the island: Orkney, eastern Scotland, Anglesey, the upper Thames, Wessex, Essex, Yorkshire and the river valleys of the Wash.

This period was also signalled by what archaeologists have interpreted as a change in religious beliefs across Britain. Communities stopped building the large chambered tombs for the dead, and instead, they began the construction of large wooden and stone circles. The prominent megalithic-specialist and archaeologist Aubrey Burl (2000) argued that the change from building tombs to building open air rings signalled a change in religious belief for the peoples of north-western Europe. As he noted; "There was a change from the cramped, gloomy chamber or a tomb to the unroofed, wide ring, a change from darkness to light, from the dead to the living, from the grave to the sky."

Purpose

Exactly for what purpose prehistoric Britons originally constructed stone circles is a question that continues to elude archaeologists. Despite this, many suggestions have been put forward, most of which argue that they were a form of a church.

Based on his study of those examples found at Orkney in northern Scotland, the archaeologist Colin Richards suggested that the stone and wooden circles built in Late Neolithic Britain might have represented the centre of the world, or axis mundi, for those who constructed them, an idea adopted by fellow archaeologist Aaron Watson as a possibility in his discussion of why Late Neolithic peoples constructed the great ring at Avebury in southern England.

Construction

The stones used in the construction of Swinside were porphyritic slate collected from the adjacent fells, and are of the type that was known locally as 'grey cobbles' by the 20th century. The ring has a diameter of about 93 ft 8ins (26.8m), and currently contains 55 stones, although when originally constructed there probably would have been around 60.

Swinside's builders included a "well defined" entrance, 2.1 m (7 ft) wide, at the south-eastern side, which was signalled by the placing of two large portal stones outside the circumference of the circle. Such portal openings can also be found at other stone circles in the Lake District, such as Long Meg and Her Daughters. These features are also found in stone circles in Dumfriesshire. In particular, Swinside has a number of features in common with the Girdle Stanes.

Folklore

Local folklore holds that at night, the Devil would pull down the stones of a church that was being constructed in the daytime, in the process creating the stone circle; it is for this reason that the site has also been called Sunkenkirk.

In the 1930s, it was recorded that there was a local belief that it was impossible to count all of the stones.

Antiquarian and archaeological investigation

The first archaeological excavation at Swinside was carried out by Charles William Dymond FSA and Collingwood from midday on Tuesday 26 March 1901 through to the evening of the following day. During this excavation, two crosstrenches were dug, each 18 inches (45 cm) wide, covering just over one-thirteenth of the interior of the site. The excavators reported finding a lump of charcoal and a piece of decayed bone as well as some modern coins in the turf layer.

 

Text from Wikipedia, available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (accessed: 28/01/2019).
Visit the page: Swinside for references and further details. You can contribute to this article on Wikipedia.

Swinside Neolithic Period Standing Stones Historic Buildings and Monuments in Millom Without Civil Parish Scheduled Monument
from Geograph (geograph)
Swinside Stone Circle

Pinned by Edmund Anon
from Geograph (geograph)
Swinside farm from Sunkenkirk Stone Circle

Pinned by Edmund Anon
from Geograph (geograph)
Part of the Swinside Stone Circle

Pinned by Edmund Anon
from Geograph (geograph)
Part of Swinside stone circle

Pinned by Edmund Anon
from Geograph (geograph)
Four stones at the Swinside circle

Pinned by Edmund Anon
from Geograph (geograph)
Swinside Stone Circle

Pinned by Edmund Anon
from Geograph (geograph)
Swinside Stone Circle

Pinned by Edmund Anon
from Geograph (geograph)
Part of the Swinside stone circle

Pinned by Edmund Anon
from Geograph (geograph)
Three stones at the Swinside circle

Pinned by Edmund Anon
from https://historicengland.org.u…
Sunkenkirk Stone Circle, 230m south east of Swinside - List Entry
- "...The monument includes the standing and earthwork remains of a stone circle of Neolithic/Bronze Age date, situated on level ground on a wide east facing slope overlooking Black Beck. The …

Added by
Simon Cotterill
from https://www.visitcumbria.com/…
Swinside Stone Circle
- "Swinside Stone Circle is one of the three most important stone circles in Cumbria, and consists of 55 stones set in a ninety foot diameter circle.....Although the circle is located …

Added by
Simon Cotterill
from Flickr (flickr)
Swinside Stone Circle

Pinned by Simon Cotterill
from Flickr (flickr)
Swinside Stone Circle

Pinned by Simon Cotterill
from Flickr (flickr)
Swinside Country

Pinned by Simon Cotterill
from Flickr (flickr)
IMG_0035 Swinside Stone Circle

Pinned by Simon Cotterill
from Flickr (flickr)
Swinside Stone Circle

Pinned by Simon Cotterill
from Flickr (flickr)
Swinside Stone Circle 1

Pinned by Simon Cotterill

Comments

Add a comment or share a memory.

Login to add a comment. Sign-up if you don't already have an account.



List number: 1007226
Grid ref: SD1716988173
Wikipedia: Swinside

ABOUT US

Co-Curate is a project which brings together online collections, museums, universities, schools and community groups to make and re-make stories and images from North East England and Cumbria. Co-Curate is a trans-disciplinary project that will open up 'official' museum and 'un-officia'l co-created community-based collections and archives through innovative collaborative approaches using social media and open archives/data.

LATEST SHARED RESOURCES